The demonstrations have also interrupted commercial activity in Maputo, and raised concerns about further delays to a $20 billion natural gas export project.

MacKinnon said that the ongoing stoppages at the Port of Montreal and in British Columbia have significantly impacted the country's supply chains.

The Panama Canal Authority recently moved to a long-term booking system for shipping slots, which has made it easier to forecast transit demand months in advance.

The Montreal offer would have boosted average dockworker compensation to more than C$200,000 per year.

The labor dispute comes as western Canadian ports locked out dock workers November 4, disrupting an estimated C$800 million in activity per day.

The target is to raise Shanghai’s low-carbon bunkering to over one million tons a year by 2030, according to a November 1 statement. 

The Greater Vancouver Board of Trade estimates that more than $600,000 million worth of trade has been disrupted in just the first 18 hours of the West Coast work stoppage.

A leading business group called for government intervention to prevent costly economic damage.

The Port of Montréal Longshoremen’s Union, CUPE Local 375, called an unlimited strike on October 31 that directly blocks the Viau and Maisonneuve terminals.

The brief strike by East and Gulf Coast dockworkers brought to the fore the ongoing controversy about automation at U.S. ports, and its ultimate impact on human workers.